What the portal stands on

Sources

Every claim in the portal names its source. This page gathers them all from the records that cite them: the ancient texts, papyri and inscriptions first, with an open edition where one is linked, then the modern scholarship. Abbreviated references are expanded on the records themselves, in each one's sources fold.

Last come the libraries elsewhere. No room of the Library of Alexandria has ever been found, so wherever the portal draws one it borrows the form from a library or a building known from another city, and marks the borrowing with an “after X” cartouche. Each of those buildings is listed below with what we take from it and how sure its own identification is.

Ancient texts, papyri and inscriptions

  • 'Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, Account of Egypt
  • ‘Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, Account of Egypt c. 1200
  • [Plutarch], Lives of the Ten Orators 841f
  • 2 Maccabees 1:10
  • Achilles Tatius (astronomer), Introduction to Aratus
  • Achilles Tatius, Leucippe and Clitophon 5.1.1–6
  • Acts 17:28
  • Acts of Archelaus 67
  • Aelian, Varia Historia 13.22
  • Aelian, Varia Historia 3.17
  • Aelian, Varia Historia 9.14
  • Ammianus Marcellinus 22.16.12 open edition
  • Ammianus Marcellinus 22.16.12–13 open edition
  • Ammianus Marcellinus 22.16.13
  • Ammianus Marcellinus 22.16.15 open edition
  • Ammianus Marcellinus 22.16.7 open edition
  • Ammianus Marcellinus 26.10.15–19 open edition
  • Antigonus of Carystus, Historiarum mirabilium collectio 129-173
  • Aphthonius, Progymnasmata 12
  • Apollonius of Citium, Commentary on Hippocrates' On Joints preface
  • Apollonius, Conics 1, preface
  • Archimedes, Method preface
  • Archimedes, On Spirals, preface (the deliberately false theorems)
  • Archimedes, Quadrature of the Parabola preface
  • Archimedes, Quadrature of the Parabola, preface (Conon's death)
  • Archimedes, Sand-Reckoner 1.4-5
  • Archimedes, Sand-Reckoner 1.4–7
  • Aristobulus fr. 3 (Eusebius, Preparation 13.12.1-2)
  • Arrian, Anabasis 3.1.5–3.2.2
  • Arrian, Anabasis 3.2.1–2
  • Arrian, Anabasis, preface
  • Arrian, Indica
  • Art of Grammar 1 (definition of grammar)
  • Asclepius 41
  • Athanasius, Against the Arians 1.5–6
  • Athanasius, Festal Letter 39
  • Athanasius, Festal Letter 39 (Greek fragments and Coptic)
  • Athanasius, On the Councils 15
  • Athanasius, Orations against the Arians 1.5-6
  • Athenaeus 1.22d
  • Athenaeus 1.3a-b
  • Athenaeus 1.3a-b; 1.22d; 6.244a; 13.585b
  • Athenaeus 13.585b
  • Athenaeus 14.643e
  • Athenaeus 2.58f; 5.213f
  • Athenaeus 2.70b; 6.244a; 13.585b; 14.643e
  • Athenaeus 4.139c
  • Athenaeus 4.174b-e; 11.497b-e
  • Athenaeus 4.184b-c
  • Athenaeus 5.196a-206c
  • Athenaeus 5.198c
  • Athenaeus 6.241f; 13.577d-583d
  • Athenaeus 6.244a
  • Athenaeus 8.336d-e; 9.408f
  • Athenaeus 9.401e
  • Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 1.22d (Timon fr. 12 Diels)
  • Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 1.3a–b
  • Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 1.3a–b; 5.203e
  • Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 15.677d–f
  • Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 2.58f; 5.213f
  • Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 4.139c
  • Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 4.174b–e
  • Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 4.184b–c
  • Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 4.184b–c (citing Menecles of Barca and Andron of Alexandria)
  • Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 5.196a–197c (Callixenus of Rhodes)
  • Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 5.203e
  • Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 6.244a; 13.585b; 14.643e
  • Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 9.408f
  • Athenaeus, Deipnosophists 1.3a–b
  • Athenaeus, Deipnosophists 4.139c
  • Athenaeus, Deipnosophists 9.401e
  • Augustine, City of God 8.23-26
  • Aulus Gellius 5.14
  • Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 7.17.3
  • BGU VI 1211 (edict of Ptolemy IV)
  • British Library, Harley MS 3731
  • Caesar, Civil War 3.111
  • Caesar, Civil War 3.111–112 open edition
  • Caesar, Civil War 3.112 open edition
  • Callimachus fr. 398 Pfeiffer
  • Callimachus frr. 429–453 Pfeiffer
  • Callimachus, Aetia fr. 110 Pfeiffer
  • Callimachus, Aitia fr. 110 Pfeiffer; Catullus 66
  • Callimachus, Epigram 27
  • Callimachus, Epigram 28
  • Callimachus, Epigrams 2 and 28 Pfeiffer (Greek Anthology 7.80; 12.43)
  • Callimachus, Hymn 2.105-113 (Envy and the sea)
  • Callimachus, Hymn 4.162-195 (Apollo's prophecy from the womb)
  • Cassius Dio, Roman History 42.38.2
  • Cassius Dio, Roman History 51.16–17
  • Cassius Dio, Roman History 78[77].7.3
  • Cassius Dio, Roman History 78[77].7.3; 78[77].22–23
  • Catullus 66
  • Celsus, On Medicine prooemium 23–26
  • Celsus, On Medicine prooemium 23–26, 74
  • Celsus, On Medicine, proem 23
  • Celsus, On Medicine, proem 23-26
  • Celsus, On Medicine, proem 74
  • Cicero, On the Nature of the Gods 1.107
  • Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 2.113.3–114.1; 3.1.1–3.3.2; 6.53.2–5
  • Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 3.2.5–3.2.11
  • Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 3.2.5–3.2.9
  • Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 4.81–83; 7.106.4
  • Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 6.4.35–37
  • Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 7.106.4; 3.2.5
  • Clement, Protrepticus 2.18, 2.21; 4.48
  • Clement, Stromata (many fragments)
  • Clement, Stromata 1.138.1-3
  • Clement, Stromata 1.15.66-73; 6.4.35-37
  • Clement, Stromata 1.15.69
  • Clement, Stromata 1.15.72
  • Clement, Stromata 1.150; 5.97
  • Clement, Stromata 1.155-156
  • Clement, Stromata 2.113-114; 3.1-3; 6.53.2-5
  • Clement, Stromata 2.36; 2.114; 3.59; 4.89-90; 6.52; 7.106
  • Clement, Stromata 3.2.5–9
  • Clement, Stromata 3.45, 63-66, 91-93
  • Clement, Stromata 3.5-9
  • Clement, Stromata 4.71
  • Clement, Stromata 4.81-83
  • Clement, Stromata 6.4.35-37
  • Cleomedes, Caelestia 1.7
  • Codex Laurentianus 32.2 (source of the 'alphabetical' plays)
  • Columella, On Agriculture 7.5.17
  • Corpus Hermeticum I–XVIII
  • Corpus Hermeticum I.24-26 (the ascent through the spheres)
  • Corpus Hermeticum XVI.1-2
  • Curtius Rufus 10.10.20
  • Curtius Rufus 4.7–4.8.2
  • Curtius Rufus 4.8.6
  • Damascius, Philosophical History (fragment on Ammonius's agreement)
  • Damascius, Philosophical History (fragments on Hypatia)
  • Damascius, Philosophical History (in the Suda)
  • Damascius, Philosophical History fr. 43 Athanassiadi (Suda υ 166)
  • Damascius, Philosophical History fr. 45 Athanassiadi
  • Damascius, Philosophical History fr. 56 Athanassiadi
  • Damascius, Philosophical History frr. 45–56 Athanassiadi
  • Demotic papyri in Berlin, Copenhagen, Florence and elsewhere
  • Diegesis to Iambus 1 (P.Mil.Vogl. I 18)
  • Diodorus Siculus 1.10-98; 40.3
  • Diodorus Siculus 1.34.2; 5.37.3 (Archimedes in Egypt)
  • Diodorus Siculus 1.44, 1.49.3, 1.83.8
  • Diodorus Siculus 1.46.8
  • Diodorus Siculus 1.49.3
  • Diodorus Siculus 17.49–52
  • Diodorus Siculus 17.52
  • Diodorus Siculus 17.52.3
  • Diodorus Siculus 18.28.2–6
  • Diodorus Siculus 2.35-42
  • Diodorus Siculus 5.37.3
  • Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 1.49.3
  • Diogenes Laertius 1.8
  • Diogenes Laertius 1.8, 1.33, 8.10
  • Diogenes Laertius 3.56-61; 9.45
  • Diogenes Laertius 3.56-62
  • Diogenes Laertius 3.56–61
  • Diogenes Laertius 3.61-62
  • Diogenes Laertius 5.27 (catalogue of Aristotle's works)
  • Diogenes Laertius 5.37
  • Diogenes Laertius 5.51
  • Diogenes Laertius 5.51–52
  • Diogenes Laertius 5.51–53
  • Diogenes Laertius 5.58
  • Diogenes Laertius 5.75-83
  • Diogenes Laertius 5.75–78
  • Diogenes Laertius 5.75–79
  • Diogenes Laertius 5.78
  • Diogenes Laertius 5.78–79
  • Diogenes Laertius 5.78–79 (Hermippus)
  • Diogenes Laertius 5.80
  • Diogenes Laertius 8.51-77
  • Diogenes Laertius 8.86
  • Diogenes Laertius 9.1-17
  • Diogenes Laertius 9.34-49
  • Diogenes Laertius 9.34–49
  • Dionysius of Halicarnassus, On Dinarchus 1
  • Epiphanius, On Weights and Measures 11
  • Epiphanius, On Weights and Measures 9
  • Epiphanius, Panarion 31.2
  • Epiphanius, Panarion 31.2.2–3
  • Erotian, Glossary of Hippocratic Words
  • Eunapius, Lives of the Sophists 472
  • Eusebius, Chronicle
  • Eusebius, Church History 2.16
  • Eusebius, Church History 2.17
  • Eusebius, Church History 4.2
  • Eusebius, Church History 4.7.6-8
  • Eusebius, Church History 5.10–11; 6.3; 6.6; 6.19.5–8; 6.26
  • Eusebius, Church History 6.19
  • Eusebius, Church History 7.32.7–11
  • Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 5.10
  • Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 5.11; 6.6; 6.13–14
  • Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 6.19.6–7
  • Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 6.3; 6.16; 6.19.5–8
  • Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 7.32.7–11
  • Eusebius, Preparation for the Gospel 13.12
  • Eusebius, Preparation for the Gospel 8.10; 13.12
  • Eusebius, Preparation for the Gospel 9.18, 9.23, 9.27
  • Eusebius, Preparation for the Gospel 9.28-29
  • Eutocius, Commentary on Archimedes' Sphere and Cylinder 2
  • Excerpts from Theodotus 78.2
  • Firmicus Maternus, Mathesis 4 proem
  • Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Plut. 74.7 (the Niketas codex)
  • Galen, Anatomical Procedures 1.2 (Kuhn 2.220)
  • Galen, Commentary on Epidemics III 2.4 (Kuhn 17A.605-608)
  • Galen, Commentary on Hippocrates' Epidemics III 2.4
  • Galen, Commentary on Hippocrates' Epidemics III 2.4 (Kühn 17A.605–608)
  • Galen, Commentary on Hippocrates' Epidemics III 2.4 (Kuhn 17A.606-608)
  • Galen, Commentary on Hippocrates' Epidemics III 2.4 (Kühn 17A.606–608)
  • Galen, Commentary on Hippocrates' Epidemics III 2.4 (Kühn XVIIa.605–607)
  • Galen, Commentary on Hippocrates' Epidemics III 2.4 (Kühn XVIIa.607)
  • Galen, On the Natural Faculties 2
  • Galen, passim
  • George Syncellus, Chronography
  • Gibbon, Decline and Fall chs. 28, 47, 51
  • Greek Anthology 14.126
  • Greek Anthology 9.198
  • Greek Anthology 9.400 and passim
  • Hegemonius, Acts of Archelaus on Scythianus
  • Hephaestion, Apotelesmatika (his own nativity of 380 CE)
  • Hephaestion, Handbook on Metres
  • Hero, Dioptra 35
  • Hero, Dioptra 35 (the eclipse)
  • Hero, On Automaton-Making, book 1 (the moving shrine) and book 2 (the stationary theatre)
  • Herodas, Mimiamb 1.26-35
  • Herodian 4.8.6–4.9.8
  • Herodotus 2.50, 2.123, 2.171
  • Hesiod, Theogony 1-115 (the Muses' proem) and 116-138 (the first births)
  • Hesychius, Letter to Eulogius (preface)
  • Hipparchus, Commentary on Aratus and Eudoxus
  • Hippolytus, Refutation 5.7.20
  • Hippolytus, Refutation 6.37; 6.42
  • Hippolytus, Refutation 7.20-27
  • Hippolytus, Refutation of All Heresies 7.20.1
  • Historia Augusta, Hadrian 20.2
  • Homer, Odyssey 4.354–355
  • Homeric Hymn to Demeter (Eleusis)
  • Homeric Hymn to Hermes (the lyre and the cattle)
  • Hyginus, De astronomia 2
  • Hyginus, De astronomia 2.24
  • Hypothesis to Antigone (Aristophanes of Byzantium)
  • Iamblichus, Life of Pythagoras
  • Iamblichus, On the Mysteries 8.1
  • Iamblichus, On the Mysteries 8.1-5
  • Ibn al-Qifti, History of Learned Men Yahya al-Nahwi
  • Ibn al-Qifti, History of the Learned
  • Ibn al-Qifti, History of the Learned (13th century), for the legend
  • Ibn Battuta, Travels on Alexandria
  • Ibn Khaldun, Muqaddimah ch. 6
  • Inscription from the Athenian Agora Agora I 2729
  • Inscriptiones Graecae XIV 1085
  • Irenaeus, Against Heresies 1.1–8; 3.4.3
  • Irenaeus, Against Heresies 1.24–25
  • Irenaeus, Against Heresies 1.24.3-7
  • Irenaeus, Against Heresies 1.24.3–7
  • Irenaeus, Against Heresies 1.25
  • Irenaeus, Against Heresies 1.29
  • Irenaeus, Against Heresies 3.11.9
  • Irenaeus, Against Heresies 3.21.2
  • Irenaeus, Against Heresies 3.4.3
  • Isidore, Etymologies 6.11.2
  • Isis aretalogies of Cyme (I.Kyme 41) and Ios (IG XII Suppl. 14)
  • Jerome, On Illustrious Men 109
  • John Chrysostom, Homilies on 2 Corinthians 26.5
  • John Malalas, Chronicle 13.36
  • John of Nikiu, Chronicle 120
  • John of Nikiu, Chronicle 84.87-103
  • John of Nikiu, Chronicle 84.87–103
  • John Philoponus, Against Proclus on the Eternity of the World dated within the text
  • Josephus, Against Apion 1.128-153
  • Josephus, Against Apion 1.128–153
  • Josephus, Against Apion 1.73-105, 227-287
  • Josephus, Against Apion 1.73–105
  • Josephus, Against Apion 2
  • Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 12.11-118
  • Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 12.11–118
  • Josephus, Jewish Antiquities 18.257-260 (the rival embassies)
  • Josephus, Jewish War 2.488, 2.495
  • Josephus, Jewish War 4.613
  • Justinian, Letter to Menas
  • Lactantius, Divine Institutes 1.6
  • Lactantius, Divine Institutes 4.6.4; 7.18.3
  • Letter of Aristeas
  • Letter of Aristeas 9-11
  • Letter of Aristeas 9-11, 29-32, 301-311
  • Letter of Aristeas 9–11
  • Letter of Aristeas 9–11, 28–51, 301–311
  • Letter of Aristeas 9–11, 29–32, 301–311
  • Letter of Aristeas 9–11, 301–311
  • Louvre papyrus E 3320
  • Lucan, Civil War 10.486–505
  • Lucian, How to Write History 62
  • Lycophron, Alexandra 1226-1280 (Rome's rise)
  • Manetho ed. Waddell
  • Marcianus graecus 299 (edited in Berthelot and Ruelle, vol. 2)
  • Marcianus graecus 299 and other Byzantine alchemical manuscripts
  • Marcianus graecus 299 and the other Byzantine alchemical collections
  • Marcianus graecus 299, fol. 188v
  • Marinus, Life of Proclus 8–10
  • Nag Hammadi Codex VI
  • Nag Hammadi Codex VI,6-7
  • Nag Hammadi Codex VI,8
  • Olympiodorus (alchemist), On the Sacred Art
  • Olympiodorus, Commentary on the Phaedo
  • Olympiodorus, Commentary on the Phaedo (Ptolemy at Canopus)
  • Olympiodorus, Commentary on the Phaedo 1.3-6 (Dionysus and the Titans)
  • Origen, Commentary on John (passim)
  • Origen, Commentary on John 1 (preface to Ambrose) and 6.1-2 (leaving Alexandria)
  • Origen, Homilies on Luke 1
  • Orosius, Histories against the Pagans 6.15.31
  • Orosius, Histories against the Pagans 6.15.32
  • Ovid, Ibis
  • P.Gurob 1
  • P.Leiden I 397 (Leiden Papyrus X)
  • P.Lond. Lit. 108
  • P.Mil.Vogl. I 18 (Diegeseis)
  • P.Mil.Vogl. VIII 309
  • P.Mil.Vogl. VIII 309 epigram 115 Austin–Bastianini
  • P.Oxy. I 1; IV 654; IV 655
  • P.Oxy. IX 1174
  • P.Oxy. LIX 3965
  • P.Oxy. X 1241
  • P.Oxy. X 1241 col. ii
  • P.Oxy. X 1241, col. ii
  • P.Oxy. XV 1231
  • P.Oxy. XX 2368
  • P.Oxy. XXII 2332
  • P.Rainer G 19813
  • Pappus, Collection 5, preface (the bees) and 7.1-3 (the Treasury of Analysis)
  • Pappus, Collection 7
  • Pappus, Collection 7 preface
  • Pappus, Collection 7.35
  • Papyri from Oxyrhynchus and other Egyptian towns
  • Paulus Alexandrinus, Introduction (the dated example of 378 CE)
  • Pausanias and the scholia (quotations)
  • Pausanias, Description of Greece 1.18.9 open edition
  • Pausanias, Description of Greece 1.6.3
  • PGM III.591-611
  • PGM IV.475-829 (the 'Mithras Liturgy')
  • PGM XIII (the Eighth Book of Moses)
  • Philo, Against Flaccus 41-96
  • Philo, Against Flaccus 41–96
  • Philo, Against Flaccus 55
  • Philo, Allegorical Interpretation 1.31-42
  • Philo, Artillery (Belopoeica), on the Alexandrian engineers
  • Philo, Embassy to Gaius 150–151
  • Philo, Embassy to Gaius 151
  • Philo, Embassy to Gaius 178–373
  • Philo, Life of Moses 2.25-44
  • Philo, Life of Moses 2.25–44
  • Philo, On the Contemplative Life 21–90
  • Philo, On the Creation 16-25 (the architect) and 89-128 (the number seven)
  • Philo, On the Migration of Abraham 1-12
  • Philodemus, On Piety (Herculaneum papyri)
  • Philostorgius, Church History 8.9
  • Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists 1.22.3
  • Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists 1.22.3 (524)
  • Photius, Bibliotheca cod. 181, 242
  • Photius, Bibliotheca cod. 214, 251
  • Plato, Timaeus 20d–25d
  • Pliny, Natural History 13.70
  • Pliny, Natural History 2.247
  • Pliny, Natural History 2.88; 7.160
  • Pliny, Natural History 2.95
  • Pliny, Natural History 30.18
  • Pliny, Natural History 30.4
  • Pliny, Natural History 36.83
  • Pliny, Natural History 7.111
  • Pliny, Natural History 7.123
  • Pliny, Natural History, preface 25; 30.18
  • Plutarch, Alexander 26.3–10 open edition
  • Plutarch, Alexander 26.3–27.1
  • Plutarch, Alexander 26.5–7
  • Plutarch, Alexander 26.8–10
  • Plutarch, Antony 58.9–59.1 open edition
  • Plutarch, Caesar 48–49 open edition
  • Plutarch, Caesar 49.6 open edition
  • Plutarch, Demetrius 38
  • Plutarch, On Isis and Osiris 28
  • Plutarch, On Isis and Osiris 28 (Moralia 361f–362a)
  • Plutarch, On the Face in the Moon 6 (Moralia 922f–923a)
  • Plutarch, On the Face in the Moon 923a
  • Plutarch, On the Generation of the Soul in the Timaeus 1013b
  • Plutarch, Sayings of Kings (Moralia 189d)
  • Plutarch, Sayings of Kings and Commanders Moralia 189d
  • Plutarch, Sulla 26
  • Plutarch, That Epicurus Makes a Pleasant Life Impossible 13 (Moralia 1095d)
  • Porphyry, Letter to Anebo (in Eusebius, Preparation 3.4.1-2)
  • Porphyry, Life of Plotinus 16
  • Porphyry, Life of Plotinus 3
  • Porphyry, Life of Plotinus 3, 23-26
  • Porphyry, On Abstinence 2.5-32
  • Porphyry, On Abstinence 4.6-8
  • Porphyry, On Abstinence 4.6–8
  • Posidippus, Epigrams 115 Austin–Bastianini
  • Priscian, Institutes of Grammar (praise of Apollonius)
  • Proclus, Chrestomathy (in Photius, Bibliotheca cod. 239)
  • Proclus, Commentary on Euclid 68 Friedlein
  • Proclus, Commentary on Euclid I 68
  • Proclus, Commentary on Euclid I 68.6–20 Friedlein
  • Proclus, Commentary on the First Book of Euclid's Elements 68.6–20 Friedlein
  • Proclus, Commentary on the Timaeus
  • Proclus, Commentary on the Timaeus 1.76
  • Proclus, Commentary on the Timaeus 1.76 (Crantor on Atlantis)
  • Prologue to the Greek Sirach
  • Prometheus Bound 436-506 (the gifts of Prometheus)
  • Pseudo-Callisthenes, Alexander Romance 1.1-14 (Nectanebo) and 1.30-33 (the founding of Alexandria)
  • Pseudo-Callisthenes, Alexander Romance 1.1–14, 1.30–33
  • Pseudo-Eratosthenes, Catasterismi (the epitome)
  • Pseudo-Manetho, Apotelesmatica (the poet's own nativity of 80 CE)
  • Ptolemy, Almagest 1.1 (preface to Syrus) and 7-8 (the star catalogue)
  • Ptolemy, Almagest 3.1; 7.1-3
  • Ptolemy, Almagest observations of 127–141
  • Ptolemy, Geography 1 (the theoretical chapters)
  • Ptolemy, Harmonics 3.3-16 (harmony in the soul and the heavens)
  • Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos 1.1-3 (the defence of astrology)
  • Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos 1.1–3
  • Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria 1.8.20
  • Rufinus, Church History 11.22–30
  • Rufinus, Ecclesiastical History 11.22
  • Rufinus, Ecclesiastical History 11.22–30
  • Rufinus, Ecclesiastical History 11.23
  • Rufinus, Ecclesiastical History 11.7
  • Rufinus, preface to On First Principles
  • Scholia to Dionysius Thrax (doubts on authorship)
  • Scholia to Odyssey 23.296
  • Scholia to the Iliad (Venetus A)
  • Seneca, Epistles 88.37
  • Seneca, Letters 88.37
  • Seneca, On Tranquillity of Mind 9.5
  • Seneca, On Tranquillity of Mind 9.6
  • Sibylline Oracles 3.193 and 3.608 (the seventh king); 3.652 (the king from the sun)
  • Simplicius, Commentary on Aristotle's Physics 181.10-30 Diels
  • Socrates Scholasticus, Church History 5.16–17
  • Socrates Scholasticus, Church History 7.13–15
  • Socrates Scholasticus, Church History 7.15
  • Socrates Scholasticus, Ecclesiastical History 5.16–17
  • Socrates Scholasticus, Ecclesiastical History 7.13–15
  • Socrates Scholasticus, Ecclesiastical History 7.15
  • Sozomen, Church History 7.15
  • Sozomen, Ecclesiastical History 7.15
  • Stobaeus 2.31.115
  • Stobaeus 2.7.2
  • Stobaeus 3.1.172
  • Stobaeus, Anthology 1.49.44-46
  • Stobaeus, Anthology 2.31.115
  • Stockholm Papyrus (P.Holm.)
  • Strabo 1-2
  • Strabo 13.1.54
  • Strabo 15.1
  • Strabo 17.1.48
  • Strabo 17.1.8; 13.1.54
  • Strabo and the Homeric scholia
  • Strabo, Geography 1.2.31 open edition
  • Strabo, Geography 13.1.54 open edition
  • Strabo, Geography 13.4.2 open edition
  • Strabo, Geography 17.1.10 open edition
  • Strabo, Geography 17.1.48
  • Strabo, Geography 17.1.6 open edition
  • Strabo, Geography 17.1.6–10 open edition
  • Strabo, Geography 17.1.6–8 open edition
  • Strabo, Geography 17.1.6, 17.1.10 open edition
  • Strabo, Geography 17.1.7 open edition
  • Strabo, Geography 17.1.8 open edition
  • Strabo, Geography 17.1.8–9 open edition
  • Strabo, Geography 17.1.8; 2.5.12
  • Strabo, Geography 17.1.9 open edition
  • Strabo, Geography 2.5.12; 17.1.8 open edition
  • Strabo, Geography 9.1.20
  • Suda (many short quotations)
  • Suda Apollonios, α 3419 open edition
  • Suda Aristarchos, α 3892 open edition
  • Suda Aristonymos, α 3936 (on Aristophanes of Byzantium) open edition
  • Suda Aristophanes, α 3933 open edition
  • Suda Chemeia, χ 280 open edition
  • Suda Diokletianos, δ 1156 open edition
  • Suda Eratosthenes, ε 2898 open edition
  • Suda Horapollon, ω 159 open edition
  • Suda Hypatia, υ 166 open edition
  • Suda Kallimachos, κ 227 open edition
  • Suda Theon, θ 205 open edition
  • Suda Tryphon, τ 1115 open edition
  • Suda Zenodotos, ζ 74 open edition
  • Suda α 1289
  • Suda α 3419
  • Suda α 3892
  • Suda α 3933
  • Suda α 3936 (s.v. Aristonymos, on Aristophanes)
  • Suda β 482
  • Suda δ 1173
  • Suda δ 872
  • Suda ε 2898
  • Suda ζ 74
  • Suda ζ 74 (Zenodotus)
  • Suda θ 205
  • Suda κ 227
  • Suda λ 827
  • Suda υ 166
  • Suda υ 166 (Hypatia, commentary on Diophantus) open edition
  • Suda υ 166 (Hypatia's commentary)
  • Suda φ 332
  • Suda χ 280; δ 1156
  • Suda ω 159
  • Suetonius, Augustus 18.1
  • Suetonius, Claudius 42.2 open edition
  • Suetonius, Domitian 20 open edition
  • Suetonius, Tiberius 14.4
  • Syncellus, Ecloga chronographica 72–73 Mosshammer
  • Synesius (alchemist), Commentary on Democritus
  • Synesius, Letters 10, 15, 16, 46, 81, 124, 154
  • Synesius, Letters 10, 15, 16, 81, 124, 154
  • Synesius, Letters 15, 154
  • Synesius, On Dreams (the imaginative pneuma; quotations of the Chaldean Oracles)
  • Synesius, On the Gift (of an astrolabe)
  • Syrianus, Commentary on Hermogenes 2.23
  • Tacitus, Annals 6.20-21
  • Tacitus, Annals 6.20–21
  • Tacitus, Histories 4.83–84
  • Tertullian, Apology 18.8
  • Tertullian, On the Soul 10.4
  • The inscriptions on the bronze crabs 13/12 BCE
  • Theocritus, Idylls 15, 17
  • Theocritus, Idylls 2, 15 and 17
  • Theodoret, Church History 5.22
  • Theodosian Code 16.10.11
  • Theon of Smyrna, Mathematics Useful for Reading Plato
  • Theon, Commentary on the Almagest on the eclipse of 364
  • Thessalus, De virtutibus herbarum, prologue
  • Timon of Phlius fr. 12 Diels (Athenaeus 1.22d)
  • Tzetzes, Prolegomena de comoedia
  • Tzetzes, Prolegomena de comoedia (Koster XIa I)
  • Tzetzes, Prolegomena de comoedia Koster XIa I–II
  • Vettius Valens, Anthology
  • Vettius Valens, Anthology (the oath to readers; the dated charts)
  • Vienna wooden tablet (Rainer collection)
  • Vita Ambrosiana of Pindar
  • Vitae Apollonii (in the scholia)
  • Vitruvius 7, preface 4-7
  • Vitruvius 9.6.2
  • Vitruvius 9.8.2-7; 10.7-8
  • Vitruvius, On Architecture 2 praef. 1–4
  • Vitruvius, On Architecture 2 praef. 4
  • Vitruvius, On Architecture 7 praef. 4–7
  • Vitruvius, On Architecture 7, preface 4–7
  • Vitruvius, On Architecture 9.6.2
  • Vitruvius, On Architecture 9.8.2–4; 10.7
  • west2003epic
  • west2003hymns
  • Wisdom of Solomon 7.17-30
  • Zacharias Scholasticus, Life of Severus on the schools
  • Zosimos, Final Count (the earliest datable reference to Poimandres)
  • Zosimos, On Apparatus and Furnaces

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Libraries elsewhere

No room of the Library has been found, so where the portal draws one it borrows a form from a library or a building known elsewhere, and says so with an “after X” cartouche. These are the buildings it borrows from, what it takes from each, and how sure each one's own identification is.

  • Pergamon, the rooms beside the sanctuary of Athena

    Borrowed: The cupboards' stone podium with an air gap between it and the wall, which our wall draws under every cupboard.

    How sure: Long identified as the Attalid royal library; the identification itself is doubted (Coqueugniot 2013), so the borrowing is a conjecture twice over.

    Strabo, Geography 13.1.54 · Coqueugniot 2013

  • The Library of Celsus at Ephesus

    Borrowed: Niches in the walls for book cupboards, which the drawing of the Serapeum's daughter library follows.

    How sure: Excavated and named by its own inscriptions; a library of the 2nd century CE, not of Alexandria.

    Houston 2014

  • The library of Pantainos at Athens

    Borrowed: Its hours: an inscription opens it “from the first hour until the sixth”, one reason the portal keeps its libraries in daylight.

    How sure: Known from its inscription (Agora I 2729); the rule is Athenian and later, borrowed only as a sign of practice.

    Agora I 2729

  • Hadrian's Library at Athens

    Borrowed: A colonnaded court with book rooms along one side, after which the Caesareum's libraries are drawn.

    How sure: Excavated; that its rooms held books is the usual reading, from its niches and from ancient descriptions.

    Casson 2001

  • The Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum

    Borrowed: Rolls kept on shelves and in cases in a small room, as they were found.

    How sure: Excavated: a private collection buried in 79 CE, the only ancient library found with its rolls.

    Houston 2014

  • The painted list at Tauromenium

    Borrowed: Entries naming an author, his city and a line on his life, a form like the one the Pinakes is thought to have used.

    How sure: Found on a gymnasium wall; whether it was a library's list is debated.

    König, Oikonomopoulou and Woolf 2013

  • The exedrae of Delos and Olympia

    Borrowed: The curved stone bench of the Mouseion's “exedra with seats”, and the seven seats of the hub.

    How sure: Excavated benches elsewhere; Strabo names the Mouseion's exedra but not its form.

    Strabo, Geography 17.1.8

  • The dining rooms of Brauron

    Borrowed: Couches set round the walls of a hall, for the Mouseion's “great house where the learned men eat together”.

    How sure: Excavated sanctuary dining rooms; the Mouseion's hall is described, never found.

    Strabo, Geography 17.1.8

  • The Athenian Peripatos, as Theophrastus's will describes it

    Borrowed: The covered walk round a garden court, and the tablets with maps of the earth.

    How sure: Known from the will's text, not from a building; the Mouseion is often thought to have followed it.

    Diogenes Laertius, Lives 5.51–52

  • The painted tombs of Alexandria, at Anfushi and Mustafa Kamel

    Borrowed: The painted walls and columns of the royal quarter and its palaces, drawn after the decoration of the city's own Hellenistic tombs.

    How sure: Excavated and standing: tombs, not palaces, but the nearest surviving Ptolemaic interiors in Alexandria itself, so the borrowing is of style, not of plan.

    McKenzie 2007

  • The auditoria of Kom el-Dikka, Alexandria

    Borrowed: The horseshoe of stone benches round a raised seat, for a seated recess where scholars met.

    How sure: Excavated lecture halls of the 5th to 7th centuries CE: Alexandria's own teaching rooms, but late antique, not Ptolemaic.

    Majcherek 2007